Explanation of Federalism

Introduction It is worth to note that federalism is a situation in politics where a group of people are bound together thanks to a covenant made between the group and their leader or a governing representative head (Kelemen, 2005; p. 57). This means that federalism is based on democratic rules as well organ of governing where power is shared. To analyze the concept of federalism, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 will be used.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The act was signed into law by former president of United States of America George W. Bush. The Act supports a standard-based education reform believing that when standards are set at a higher level while measurable goals are in place education outcome of public schools will improve (Weinstein, 2011; par 4). Roles of the three branches of federal government Based on the three branches of a federal government, the legislative branch is bestowed with the responsibility of making the law. The branch comprises of congress and senate. It is this branch that will make laws to ensure that the NO Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is operational. It is also its responsibility to decide how the collected tax will be used. It is worth to note that the legislature will use various ways such as debates and gathering views of relevant stakeholders before deciding on the way forward. However, the laws once made are to be checked by the other branches of government, executive and judiciary. The executive which comprise of the president, the vice president, secretary of state, cabinet, executive departments and agencies take the responsibility of enforcing the law. It is this group that will ensure that the NO Child Left Behind (NCLB) is signed into law and implemented. Through the president and the department of finance and education suitable strategies are to be put in place to ensure that the A ct is realized. For instance, the department of finance in consultation with schools will derive a way in which funds are to be channeled to schools. Lastly the judiciary is another important branch in federalism (Cooper, 2006; p. 132). The main responsibility of this branch is to interpret the law. In situations where there will be legal issues pertaining the program, it will be the role of the judiciary to hear issues being raised by the various parties. Using its powers, it will then deliberate on the issue and make a ruling that is in accordance to the law of the land.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, the judiciary through the U.S Supreme Court adjudicates cases and controversies that pertains to the federal government, disputes between states, interpreting the constitution, declaring legislation or executive actions made at any level of the government unconstitutional as well as create precedent for future laws and decision (Mckevitt Lawton, 1994; p. 85). Education being an aspect that impact on the needs and aspiration of the locals, the state have to perform certain tasks and responsibilities which interact and intersect with the roles of the three branches of federal government (Weinstein, 2011; par. 2). The state can control education through passage of statutes only if it has plenary powers. Additionally, just like the legislative branch, the state legislature can create bodies to over-see education issues and give the body some of its powers (Fry Raadschelders, 2008; p. 211). It is also worth to note that the state government is given the responsibly of enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch or regulations passed by other organs (Cooper, 2006; p. 124). However, it is important to remember that the state government can pass legislations with regards to the No Child is Left Behind provided the statutes are not in violation of the provisions of the U.S constitution. Allocation of money In a federal government funds or money are allocated through fiscal federalism which refers to allocation of money collected through tax as well as expenditure responsibilities between the relevant levels of government. Usually money is allocated to the following; the federal, state and the local government (Fry Raadschelders, 2008; p. 257). Ideally the federal government shares the revenue with both the states and the local governments. The premise of doing this is to eliminate the enormous negative effects of centralism which is not compatible with the provisions of federalism which calls for diffusion of powers which is aimed at accelerating growth economically. Additionally, the guiding principle is that decentralization of spending responsibilities will not only lower levels of governance but also ensure that there is improved and efficient allocation of federal (Kelemen, 2005; p. 29).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improving administration of the program To improve the administration of the program, No Child is Left Behind, there is need to call or invite all relevant stakeholders to air their views on the current challenges facing the administration of the program. A long with these challenges, they opt to provide probable solutions. Based on this, there is need to have in place a subcommittee that will critically evaluate the implications of the solutions. After that a rough draft will then be made available for public scrutiny (Shafreitz Hyde, 2008; p.312). Once approved by the public, the same recommendations will be channeled to the legislature for preview which will then be passed to help realize the goals and objectives of the program. Conclusion The paper has critically analyzed federalism by evaluating the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The roles of th e three branches of government, a strategy to improve administration of the program, the interaction and intersection of these roles and the roles of state government are also addressed. Bibliography Cooper, Phillip. Public law public administration. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Fry, Brian Raadschelders, Jos. Mastering public administration from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. New York: CQ Press, 2008. Kelemen, Daniel. Built to Last? The durability of EU federalism. Web. Mckevitt, David Lawton, Alan. Public sector management theory, critique and practice. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1994.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shafreitz, Jay Hyde, Albert. Classics of public administration. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2008. Weinstein, Anna. Obama on No Child Left Behind. Retrieved from https://www.education.com/magazine/article/Obama_Child_Left_Behind/ This essay on Explanation of Federalism was written and submitted by user Valentin Sweeney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The west nile virus essays

The west nile virus essays A West Nile (WN) virus was first isolated in 1937 from the peripheral blood of a woman in the West Nile province of Uganda in Central Africa. Since then, WN viruses have been reported from North Africa (Egypt, Israel), East, Central, and South Africa, Asia (India, Pakistan), Borneo, Europe (Cyprus, France, Romania) and, most recently, the northeastern USA. Tests for antibody to WN suggest it has also been present in Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Turkey, and Albania. West Nile viruses are members of the virus family Flaviviridae and are closely related to Japanese encephalitis viruses from the Old World and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses from the New World. In addition, WN cross-reacts in a variety of serological tests, including the plaque reduction neutralization test, with Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), Usutu, Kunjin, Kokobera, Stratford, and Alfuy viruses. It was this cross reactivity of the New York City (NYC) WN with SLE serologic reagents that initially confused this virus with SLE. Additional tests that used direct examination of the gene sequence of the NYC virus identified it as a WN-like virus, not SLE. West Nile is represented by at least 2 distinct antigenic groups. One, the African-Middle Eastern group, contains WN isolates from the Congo, Egypt, Israel, Uganda, South Africa, Pakistan, France, and Eastern Europe. The second antigenic group contains WN isolates from India and South Africa. The earliest reported epidemics caused by WN were in Israel. The first involved more than 500 clinical cases in 1950. Additional epidemics were reported from Israel in 1951, 1952, 1953, and 1957. The 1950 and 1957 epidemics were reported from a site 40 miles north of Tel Aviv, while the 1951 epidemic occurred at a site 15 miles southeast of Tel Aviv. In 1952, 1953, and 1954, cases were reported from both areas, indicting the ability of this virus to be extremely focal in its epidemic transmission patterns. Epidem...